Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
- Background of Study
English is an important part of Indonesians’ curriculum of education. Thus, it plays a big role in every step of education. Actually, there are four main aspects in learning English, such as listening, speaking, writing, and reading. Of course other skills such as pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and spelling play a role in effective English communication. Since, English is on the way of becoming global language.
Among the four aspects, writing takes a signicant role in mastering English ” Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium through the use of a set of signs or symbols (known as a writing system)”.
Furthermore, writing skill will reflect students’ ability in demonstrating achievement of English, it reflects knowledge possesses by students. Thus, the process of writing short stories, poems, academic interest , brief biography, will be directly indicates students ability in applying English .There are many students considering writing is difficult, as English is foreign language for them, they have to remember a large number of rules in structure which are quite different from their own language. They have a big question in mind whether what they write is grammatically correct or incorrect .
In the case of writing essay, paraphrase is an important tool that allow students to include other people's ideas without cluttering their essay with quotations.. Paraphrase means to express someone else's ideas in your own language. There are two kinds of paraphrasing. The first is summary. In this method, large amounts of text or ideas are reduced to a few sentences. Entire novels or even periods of history could be summarized into a few sentences. For example, “The Civil War demonstrated that any army without access to ports and canon factories would very likely lose a war.” That summarizes an entire four years in one simple sentence. Of course, there is far more to the Civil War than ports and canons. But that is one summary. The other kind of paraphrasing involves taking the words of another author and using the same concepts or ideas, but putting them into your own words. It does not require to shorten the original info as a summary. It could be less or longer than the original text. . It could be seen below :
Original Source Material: Developing complex skills in the classroom involves the key ingredients identified in teaching pigeons to play ping-pong and to bowl. The key ingredients are: (1) inducing a response, (2) reinforcing subtle improvements or refinements in the behavior, (3) providing for the transfer of stimulus control by gradually withdrawing the prompts or cues, and (4) scheduling reinforcements so that the ratio of reinforcements in responses gradually increases and natural reinforcers can maintain their behavior.
Source: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Correct paraphrasing : According to Gredler (2001), the same factors apply to developing complex skills in a classroom setting as to developing complex skills in any setting. A response must be induced, then reinforced as it gets closer to the desired behavior. Reinforcers have to be scheduled carefully, and cues have to be withdrawn gradually so that the new behaviors can be transferred and maintained.References: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
This example has been paraphrased and is not considered plagiarized. The author was cited at the end of the passage as well as in the bibliographic section. Since paraphrasing occurred, quotation marks are not used. Nothing was directly quoted.
